Magnets – North and South Poles – Same Poles repel – Opposite poles attract Permanent Magnets – Always magnetic, always have poles Induced Magnets – Materials that are “magnetic” but do not have fixed poles – These can be made into temporary magnets by ‘stroking’ them with a permanent magnet o These align the domains…

Circuit Symbols: Electrical Charge: – For charge to flow: o Circuit must be closed (no open switches) o There must be a source of potential difference (battery/cell) Electrical Current – Current is the flow of electrical charge – Greater the rate of flow of charge, greater current 𝑄𝑄 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 Where Q is the charge…

Reflection: It is the process which light is bounced back. In reflection the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Properties of an image in a plane mirror : * The image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front. * The image is the same size as the…

Avg = Frequency x Wave Length = Wave Speed * If a graph of frequency against wavelength is plotted than area under the graph is called the wave speed. Frequency: Vibration per second is called the frequency. It is denoted by f. Equation: Frequency = Vibration/ Time. J  F = Cycles/ Sec. J  Cycles per second or hertz is…

Astronomy is the branch of physics which deals with heavenly bodies. Solar system: Solar system is that , where the planets move round the sun. The Star:The Star is that , which has its own light. Eg: The Sun. The planet: Planets are those which have no own light but get light from the star. Eg: The…

Momentum: It is a vector quantity. Its unit is “Kg m/s”. Equation:  Momentum = mass x velocity. Linking Force & Momentum: With a resultant force on it , an object will accelerate. Therefore , its velocity will change , and so will its momentum. Resultant Force: It is the rate of change of momentum. Equation:  Resultant Force =…

Gravitational Force: When an object is pull downward from the earth. This pull is called gravitational force. Features of Gravitational force: * All masses attract each other. * The greater the masses , the stronger the force. * The closer the masses , the stronger the force. Weight: Weight is another name for the earth gravitational force…

* A graph represents a relationship between two quantities and shows the variation between them . * A displacement /distance time graph represents the change of position of a body over time. * A velocity/speed time graph represents a variation and change of speed or velocity  of that body. Note: 1 The gradient of a…

Distance: It is the change of position of a body. Its si unit is mitres. It is a scalar quantity . Displacement: It is a change of position of a body (in a particular direction). Its si unit is mitres. It is vector quantity. Vector quantity: These are the quantities which have both magnitude and direction. Eg:…

13.1 CIRCUIT RULES: Current rules: At any junction in a circuit, the total current leaving the junction = total current entering the junction. The junction rule holds because the rates of charge flowing in and out of a junction are always equal. Charge entering the junction = 0.5C along wire 1, and the 1C along…